• Idiopathic: By this word, we mean that the causes of the disease means are not known.
• Thrombocytopenic:  We mean by this word that there are not enough platelets (also called thrombocytes) in the blood. Platelets are the tiny cells responsible of forming blood clots to seal minor cuts and wounds.
• Purpura: this means that the patient has excessive bruising.

Although the person suffering from ITP will has too few platelets, he may has all the other blood cells normally and without any problems or rareness. The decrease in platelets causes:

• A lot of bruises and bleeding for long time when the person is injured.
• Nosebleed that is difficult to stop.
• Bleeding in the intestines.
• Bleeding in the brain which may include minor trauma.

ITP has many signs and symptoms such as:

• Easy or excessive bruising.
• For any injure, it takes a very long time to stop bleeding.
• Some small reddish purple dots on the skin, especially on legs, because of  the bleeding under the surface of the skin.
• Maybe there will be a blood in the urine or stools caused by the bleed in the intestines.
• Menstrual flow in women will be abundant.
• Nose and gums may bleed without reason.

In normal cases, the body forms antibodies that destroy unhealthy bacteria or viruses. But, for people who have ITP, their bodies start forming antibodies that destroy their own blood platelets. Until now, it is not known why these bodies form such antibodies to do that. Although ITP is not contagious and does not “pass” from one person to another, it also does not seem hereditary.

ITP can be diagnosed by making tests on the blood that count the number of platelets in a sample, also, the doctor may ask for a bone marrow exam to know to make sure of any other possible causes for the symptoms appears on the patient.

For that people who have ITP, they should not take any medicines without the admission of their doctors since some medicines may complicate the problem especially medicines that increase risks for bleeding such as:

• Warfarin, which used to treat an abnormal heart rhythm called atrial fibrillation.
• Over-the-counter drugs, such as aspirin and ibuprofen.

Alcohol also helps to decrease the ability of the blood to clot, so, patient with ITP should limit it.

Although everyone is at risk of getting HUS, children and older adults are more vulnerable to get it. The risk of infection with E. coli and then HUS increase in people who:

• Eat raw or undercooked ground beef, where the meat can be contaminated with E coli when the animals are slaughtered.
• Drink contaminated water, or unpasteurized milk
• Eat unwashed vegetable and fruits.
• Work with cattle.

The E. coli can be spread between people or from one to another if someone, who is carrying it in his hands, touched thing, especially food.

There are many signs and symptoms of HUS that appear usually within five to ten days after the diarrhea starts, so, it is important to tell your doctor if:

• You feel unusual fatigue.
• Your skin became pale.
• You have unexplained bruising.
• You have any type of bleeding.
• There are swellings in hands, feet or any other part of your body.
• Your normal amount of urination is decreased.

Not all the people who are infected with E. coli get HUS, but if anyone got it, he should directly go to the hospital. Kidney function will be watch to make sure that the fluid in the body is enough, if the patient has thrombocytopenia, platelet transfusion will be done for him, while, if the patient has hemolytic anemia red blood cells will be transferred to him. Also, dialysis is done for the people who suffer from kidney failure to filter waste products from the blood; it is needed in the most severe cases of HUS. Most people who are diagnosed with HUS are fully recovered.

This treatment which is perfect for young men suffering from artery blockage and don’t have any problems related to blood vessels(diabetes, smoking, high blood pressure level)  has been improved for the object of curing problem in blood flow caused by trauma which leads to (ED) problems.

Before the sugary the patient will undergo several tests to make sure, as explained earlier that the problem is due to artery blockage, those young men usually have  impotence problems due to their trauma (pelvic fractures), they have regular tests for testosterone hormone to ensure adequate circulation level, and a night test is performed to eliminate any damages in nerves or physiological ED, after this an angiogram tests is undertaken to know the position of blockage and the existence of a donor and recipient artery.

Some criteria must be made sure before the surgery such as

• The strong sexual vitality of the patient.
• Patient must meet certain rate of erectile hardness during sex action.
•  Hormone levels must be normal.
• Normal nerves performance.
• The length of the donor artery must be sufficient.
• Concerning the surgeon training in micro vascular surgery must be ensured.

This surgery usually takes almost a day (23 hours) then the patient can be discharged after one day and he will usually experience some Complications such as occasional  numbness in the tip of the penis, some abdominal pain, and staying away from sexual activity for 6 weeks long.

Venous Ligation Surgery 

The success of this surgery is not that wide, as its success has been reduced to 30-50% over the long term, venous leak is known as the most important changes in the tissue of erectile and the idea that the legation of venous channels external to the structure of the body makes it possible to treat the venous leak in long time method which has weak scientific review.

This surgery is now Canonical as an investigational type of surgery, associated by initial indication this surgery can be performed on young men with trauma causing ED, the crura as the ligation of the crura can be used to overcome crural venous leak. No large data is found among patients and up until this time it is considered investigational, before undergoing this surgery some tests must be performed and if the  Venous leak is found to be only present, then the patient is a good candidate for this surgery.

The risk of DVT increases in some cases such as, being 60 years old or over 60, if you have been inactive for long time, like sitting in a flight or in a long car trip, or recovering from a surgery in bed, sometimes the DVT is due to congenital condition which increases the blood clotting, also when having a surgery causing the blood flow to reduce in a part of the body, in the state of being pregnant or giving birth recently,  people who are overweight or suffering from obesity,  also in people who have varicose veins, and people who have cancer although they are being treated, beside, when a woman who is taking pills for birth control or receiving hormone therapy including for postmenopausal symptoms, or in case of a central venous catheter.

If having more than one of the mentioned below factors then you are in more risk of having DVT.

Symptoms of DVT

• Having a swelling in one leg or both legs.
• Pain or tenderness in one leg that you usually feel when you stand or walk.
• Feeling that your skin is red or warm, or may be discolored in the infected leg.

However some people don’t show any of these symptoms but in case of having any you should consult your doctor immediately, then he will recommend you some tests to know whether you have DVT or not, these tests may include an ultrasound or  venography.

Treating DVT

When treating DVT we aim to do several things, starting by stopping the clot from becoming bigger in size, also stop it from breaking off and moving through the blood stream into the lungs, finally prevent any blood clotting in the future, and to maintain these things several medicines can be taken, and the commonly used are anticoagulants (also called blood thinners) such as warfarin or heparin, the aim of taking anticoagulants is to make your blood thinner in order to prevent clots from forming in the blood.

Causes of Normocytic Anemia

Normocytic Anemia usually has one of two main causes:

• Congenital Anemia: a type that is the person is born with.
• Acquired Anemia: a type which is due to an infection or a disease.

The acquired type of anemia is usually caused by one of the chronic disease such as normocytic anemia include kidney disease, cancer, rheumatoid arthritis and thyroiditis, also Normocytic Anemia can be due to some medicines but not usually common.

Symptoms of normocytic Anemia

In the case of having Normocytic Anemia, symptoms doesn’t start to occur fast but on the contrast it takes long time to start showing up as the person who have it may feel tired easily, sometimes looking pale, but if the Anemia started suddenly or evolved to be bad, the patient might feel dizzy or weak.

Finding out about anemia usually come by coincidence, as when you go to make normal regular tests it appears in the blood tests, or when you go to make a test for something else you may discover that you are suffering from anemia, a common blood test which is called CBC blood test can indicate that you have normocytic anemia, this test counts the number of the red blood cells in a patient blood, and if showing a low number of sized red blood cells, you supervising doctor will ask for more tests to find out the reason behind anemia, and in the case of Congenital anemia your family may need to undergo these tests to make sure that they don’t have the disease.

Treatment for normocytic anemia

The treatment usually starts by figuring out the reason that cause anemia, whether it is some sort of medicine or a chronic illness or any reason that may cause you to lose blood cells, and in case of having a state of a very bad nomocytic anemia your doctor may recommend you to have shots of erythropoietin which helps your bone marrow in making more red blood cells.

Sometimes anemia may occur due to lack of iron in the blood, but before you start taking iron pills you have to tell your doctor as too much iron in the blood is also not good for your health.